MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 2

AKAR KATA (ROOT) YANG SERING DIGUNAKAN

DALAM MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

1.     JARINGAN (TISSUE)

Medical term untuk jaringan kadang-kadang berbeda untuk keadaan normal dan abnormal (penyakit). Untuk keadaan normal biasanya menggunakan Bahasa Latin, sedangkan untuk keadaan abnormal sering menggunakan Bahasa Yunani.

Words root		Arti	Contoh Medical Term
Latin	Yunani
Testis	Orch/o	Testis	Orchitis
Uterus	Metr/o	Uterus	Endometritis
Vagina	Colp/o	Vagina	Colpitis Vaginitis
Ovarium	Oophor/o	Ovarium	Oophoritis
Nasus	Rhin/o	Hidung	Rhinitis
Oris	Stomat/o	Mulut	Stomatitis
Ren	Nephr/o	Ginjal	Nephritis
Cor	Cardi/o	Jantung	Carditis
Pulmo	Pneum/o	Paru-paru	Pneumonitis Pneumonia
Cornea	Kerat/o	Kornea	Keratitis
Auris	Ot/o	Telinga	Otitis
Cerebrum	Encephal/o	Otak (besar)	Encephalitis
Adipose tissue	Lip/o	Lemak	Lipolysis Lipogenesis Lipodystrophy
Osseus/os	Oste/o	Tulang	Osteogenesis imperfecta Osteoblast Osteomyelitis
Nervus	Neur/o	Saraf	Neurogenic bladder Neuropathy Neuritis
Musculus	My/o Mys/o	Otot	Myopathy Myositis Myoglobin
Cartilago	Chondr/o	Tulang rawan	Chondrodysplasia Achondroplasia
Cutis Cutane/o	Dermis Dermat/o	Kulit	Dermatitis Leukoderma Dermabrasi Dermatology
Vasa Vascul/o	Angi/o	Pembuluh darah	Angiopathy/ vasculopathy Angiography Angiogram Vasculitis
Hem/o Em Hemat/o		Darah	Hematology Hematopoiesis Anemia Cholesterolemia Hemoglobin

2.     WARNA

Words root	Arti	Contoh medical terms
Leuk/o	White	Leukocyte Leukocyturia Leukocytosis Leukemia Leukoderma Leukodystrophy Leukoplakia Leukorrhea
Melan/o	Hitam	Melanocyte Melanoblast Melanoma Melanuria Melasma Melena
Erythr/o	Merah	Erythroblast Erythrocyte Erythroclast Erythematous Erysipelas Erythremia Erythroderma
Cyan/o	Biru	Cyanotic Cyanosis Cyanophil Cyanopsia Cyanolabe
Chlor/o	Hijau	Chloroma Chlorophyll Chloropsia Chlorolabe
Xanth/o	Kuning	Xanthochromic Xanthochromia Xanthelasma Xanthoma Xanthopsia

3.     SISTEM  TUBUH

a.                               SISTEM SIRKULASI

Words root	Arti	Contoh Medical Term
Cardi/o	= heart	Endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis (inflammation of the lining, the muscle layer, the outer layer of the heart)
Brady/tachy	= slow/fast	Bradycardia (rate<60) tachycardia (rate>100)
Angi/o	= vessel	Angiography, angiogram (X-ray of artery)
Veno/phlebo	= vein	Venogram (X-ray of veins), phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
-stasis	= to stop	Hemostasis (to stop bleeding), hemostat (a clamp-like instrument)
-cyte	= cell	Erythrocytes, leucocytes (red, white blood cells)
Hem/o, -emia	= blood	Hypoxemia (low oxygen), hematosalpinx (blood in the uterine tubes)

Penyakit sistem sirkulasi

Nama penyakit	Arti
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial infarction
Mitral prolapse, stenosis, regurgitation
Angina pectoris
Arrhythmia/dysrithmia
Ischemia

Prosedur Medis Sistem Sirkulasi

Prosedur	Arti
Cardiologist
Hematologist
Electrocardiogram
Echocardiography
Cardiac scan
Cardiac cathetherization
Phlebotomist/venipuncturist

b.       SISTEM NERVOSUM

Words root	Arti	Contoh Medical Term
Cephal/o	Head	Cephalgia (a headache)
Encephal/o	Inside the head (brain)	Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) Anencephalic (born without a brain)
Mening/o	Membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord	Meningitis (inflammation of the membranes)
Myel/o	Spinal cord	Myelogram (X-ray of the spinal cord)
Neur/o	Nerve	Neuroma (tumor) Neuritis (inflammation)
Dys	Difficult, painful, abnormal	Dyslexia (difficulty reading)
-cele	Hernia, abnormal protrusion of structure out of normal anatomical position	Meningomyelocele (protrusion of membranes and spinal cord)
-pathy	Disease, abnormality	Encephalopathy (disease of the brain) Neuropathy (disease of the nerves)
-plasia	Development, formation, growth	Aplasia (no development) Hyperplasia (over development)
-plegia	Paralysis	Hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body) Quadriplegia (paralysis of all four limbs)

Penyakit pada Sistem Nervosum

Nama Penyakit	Arti
Multiple sclerosis
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Epilepsy
Aphasia

Prosedur pada Sistem Nervosum

Nama Prosedur	Arti
Neurologist
Lumbar (spinal) puncture
Brain scan
Electroencephalography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

c.      SISTEM DIGESTI

Words root	Arti	Contoh Medical Term
Gastr/o	Stomach	Gastritis, Gastrectomy
Chol/e	Gall, bile	Cholecystitis, cholecystectomy (inflammation of, removal of gallbladder)
Cyst/o	Bladder, sac	(see above)
Emes/o	Vomit	Emesis (vomiting), emetic (stimulating vomiting), antiemetic (stopping vomiting)
Lith/o	Stone	Cholelithotomy (removal of gall stones)
Lapar/o	Abdominal wall	Laparotomy (cutting into the abdomen)
-centesis	To puncture	Abdominocentesis (puncturing and draining)
-tripsy	To crush	Cholelithotripsy (smashing gall stones with sound waves)
-rrhea	Flow, discharge	Diarrhea
-iasis (-osis)	Abnormal condition	Cholelithiasis (presence of gall stones causing symptoms)

Penyakit pada Sistem Digesti

Nama Penyakit	Arti
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disesase (GERD)
Jaundice
Diverticulosis/diverticulitis
Cirrhosis
Dysphagia
Peritonitis

Prosedur pada Sistem Digesti

Nama Prosedur	Arti
Gastroenterologist
Proctologist
Liver scan
Guaiac test (hemoccult, fecult)
Endoscopy
Ultrasonography

d.      SISTEM RESPIRATORIUS

Words root	Arti	Contoh Medical Term
Rhin/o	Nose	Rhinitis, rhinorrhea (inflammation of and "runny" nose)
Laryng/o	*Larynx, "voice box"	Laryngotomy, Laryngectomy (cutting into, surgically removing the larynx)
Trache/o	Trachea, "windpipe"	Tracheotomy, tracheostomy (temporary and permanent openings)
Bronch/o	Lung air passageways	Bronchoscopy (looking into the bronchi)
Pne/u, -pnea	Breath, air, lung	Tachypnea, dyspnea, apnea (accelerated, difficult/painful, cessation of breathing)
Pulmo/o	Lung	Pulmonary artery
-ptysis	Spitting (coughing)	Hemoptysis (spitting or coughing up blood from lungs)
-plasty	Reconstruction	Rhinoplasty (surgical reconstruction of nose)

Penyakit pada Sistem Respiratorius

Nama Penyakit	Arti
Pneumoconiasis
Epistaxis
Cystic Fibrosis
Emphysema
Atelectasis

Prosedur pada Sistem Respiratorius

Nama Prosedur	Arti
Pulmonologist
Respiratory terapist
Pulmonary angiography
Laryngoscopy
Endotracheal intubation

e.    SISTEM URINARIUS

Words root	Arti	Contoh Medical Term
Nephr/o, ren/o	Kidney	Nephritis, renal artery
Hydro/o	Water	Hydronephrosis (abnormal condition involving back up of urine into the kidney
Cyst/o	Bladder	Cystitis, cystectomy (inflammation of , removal of bladder)
Pyel/o	Renal collecting ducts	Pyelogram (X-ray of the collecting ducts)
Ur/o, -uria	Urine	Polyuria, anuria (frequent urination, no urine formation)
Olig/o	Scanty, less than normal	Oliguria (reduced urine formation)
-pexy	To surgically reattach, fix in normal position	Nephropexy (surgically attach kidney in normal anatomical position)

Penyakit pada Sistem Urinarius

Nama Penyakit	Arti
Nephrosis
Nephrolith
Urethritis
Nocturia
Enuresis
Glomerulonephritis

Prosedur pada Sistem Urinarius

Nama Prosedur	Arti
Nephrologist
Urologist
Cystoscopy
Intravenous pyelogram
Retrograde pyelogram
Dialysis
Lithotripsy

f.       SISTEM REPRODUKSI LAKI-LAKI

Words root	Arti	Contoh Medical Term
Orchid/o, test/o	*Testes (male gonad)	Orchiditis, orchidectomy, testicular artery, testosterone (male sex hormone)
Balan/o	Head of the penis	Balanitis
Andr/o	Male	Androgenic (stimulating maleness), androgynous (characteristics of male and female appearance)
Prostat/o	Prostate	Prostatitis, prostatectomy
Vas/o	Vessel, duct	Vas deferens, vasectomy (duct carrying semen from testes, cutting the duct)
-rrhaphy	To suture	Herniorrhaphy (surgical correction of inguinal hernia)

Penyakit dan Prosedur pada Sistem Reproduksi Laki-laki

Nama Penyakit.Prosedur	Arti
Hypospadia
Hydrocele
Varicocele
Chryptorchidisme
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
Prostate Spesific Antigens

g.       SISTEM REPRODUKSI PEREMPUAN

Words root	Arti	Contoh Medical Term
Hyster/o, metr/o	Uterus	Hysterectomy, endometritis (inflammation of the lining of uterus)
Salping/o, -salpinx	Uterine tube	Salpingitis, hematosalpinx (blood in the uterine tube)
Colp/o	Vagina	Colporrhaphy (suturing a tear), colpoplasty (surgical reconstruction), colposcopy (viewing the interior)
Oophor/o	Ovary	Oophorectomy, oophoropexy (surgery fixation, reattachment)
Men/o	Menstruation	Menarche (first), dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)
Mamm/o, mast/o	Breast	Mammogram,  mastectomy
-pareunia, coitus	Intercourse	Dyspareunia (painful intercourse), precoital, postcoital (before and after intercourse)

Penyakit pada Sistem Reproduksi Perempuan

Nama Penyakit	Arti
Endometriosis
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Prolapsed uterus

Prosedur pada Sistem Reproduksi Perempuan

Nama Prosedur	Arti
Obstetrician
Gynecologist
Episiotomy
Hysterosalpingogram
Colposcopy
Mammography
Pudendal block

h.       SISTEM MUSCULOSKELETAL

Words root	Arti	Contoh Medical Term
Oste/o	Bone	Osteitis, osteoma, osteocyte
Chondr/o	Cartilage	Chondritis, chondroma, chondrocyte
Arthr/o	Joint	Arthritis, arthroplasty
Myel/o	Bone marrow	Myeloma
Ten/o, tendin/o	Tendon (binds muscle to bone)	Tendonitis, tenorrhaphy
Ligament/o	Ligament (binds bone to bone)	Ligamentous injury
Burs/o	Bursa, "bag", (shock absorber between tendons and bones)	Bursitis
My/o, myos/o	Muscle	Myoma, myositis
-malacia	Softening	Osteomalacia, chondromalacia
-porosis	Porous	Osteoporosis
-asthenia	Weakness, loss of strength	Myasthenia gravis
-trophy	Development, stimulation, maintenance	Atrophy (shriveling of muscles), hypertrophy  (increase in size and strength of muscles)
-algia, algesia	Pain	Myalgia, arthralgia, analgesia  (take away pain

Penyakit pada Sistem Musculoskeletal

Nama Penyakit	Arti
Arthritis
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Tendonitis
Bursitis
Muscular dystrophy
Myasthenia gravis

Prosedur pada Sistem Musculoskeletal

Nama Prosedur	Arti
Orthopaedist
Rheumatologist
Physical therapist
Arthroscopy
Bone scan
Electromyography

4.     PLURAL vs. SINGULAR

Bentuk plural (jamak) dalam medical term diperoleh dengan cara memodifikasi suku kata terakhir.

Suku kata terakhir	Singular	Diubah menjadi	Plural
is	anastomosis metastasis epiphysis prosthesis	es	anastomoses metastases epiphyses prostheses
um	bacterium diverticulum Ovum	a	bacteria diverticula ova
us	calculus bronchus bronchiolus nucleus	i	calculi bronchi bronchioli nuclei
a	vertebra bursa bulla	ae	vertebrae bursae bullae
ex/ix	apex varix	ices	apices varices

PREFIXDAN SUFFIX YANG SERING DIGUNAKAN

DALAM MEDICAL TERM

PREFIX

1. Prefix of location/positions

(dicopy dari http://ec.hku.hk/mt/prefixes.htm)

2. Prefix of description (dicopy dari http://ec.hku.hk/mt/prefixes.htm)

3. Prefix of colour

Abu-abu glauc(o) glaucoma	Merah erythr(o) erythrocyte	Hitam melan(o) melanin
Putih leuc(o), leuk(o) leukomyelitis	Biru cyan(o) cyanopsia	Kuning cirrh(o) cirrhosis	Hijau chlor(o) chloroma

4. Prefix of number

Prefix	Arti	Contoh
A/an Nulli	Tanpa Kekurangan Defisien Nol, 0	Anemia Aplastic anemia Analgesia Nullipara
Hemi Semi	Setengah, Sebagian 1/2	Hemiparesis Hemiplegia Hemihypertrophy Semicomatose
Uni  Mono	Satu, 1	Monoclonal antibody Monoparesis Mononuclear cells Unicellular
Bi di(plo)	Dua, 2	Bicuspid valve Bisceps Bifurcatio Diplococcus
Tri	Tiga, 3	Tricuspidalis, Tri in die
Tetra	Empat, 4	Tetrapareses, Tetraplegia
Penta	Lima, 5	Pentamer
Primi	Pertama 1st	Primipara, Primiparous Primigravida Primitive Primordial germ cells
Multi	Banyak, beberapa	Multipara, Multinuclear giant cells

5. Prefix of measurement (dicopy dari http://ec.hku.hk/mt/prefixes.htm)

  

6.      Prefix of negative sense

Prefix	Arti	Contoh
Anti (ant):	Melawan terhadap, berlawanan	Antibiotic Antihistamine Antitoxin
Dys	Kesulitan, nyeri, abnormal	Dysmenorrhea Dyspepsia Dystrophy (duchenne musculodystrophy)

7.      Hypo dan hyper

Hypo:  di bawah, kekurangan, di bawah normal

Contoh: Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism, Hypotensi, Hypodermic

Hyper: di atas normal, berlebihan, lebih dari

Contoh: hyperglycemia, Hyperthyroidism, Hypertensi

SUFFIX

Dalam medical terminology, suffix dapat memberi informasi mengenai arti suatu kata/istilah. Berikut ini adalah daftar suffix yang memiliki arti/informasi:

1. Penyakit/perubahan dalam tubuh.

Suffix	Arti	Contoh
-algia	Nyeri	talalgia ankle
-cele	Hernia	gastrocele stomach
-dynia	Nyeri, pembengkakan	urodynia urine
-ectasis	Pelebaran, perluasan	bronchiolectasis bronchus
-(a)emia	Darah	leuk(a)emia white
-gen	Menghasilkan, memulai	carcinogen cancer
-iasis	Kondisi abnormal, pembentukan, adanya	cholelithiasis gall stone
-itis	Inflamasi/peradangan	hepatitis stomach
-malacia	Perlunakan	osteomalacia bone
-megaly	Pembesaran	splenomegaly spleen
-oid	Resemble	fibroid fibres
-oma	Tumor	adenoma gland
-osis	Kondisi abnormal	dermatosis skin
-pathy	Penyakit	nephropathy kidney
-penia	penurunan, kekurangan	erthyropenia red (cell)
-phagia	makan, menelan	dysphagia difficult
-phasia	Ucap, eja	aphasia without
-plegia	kelumpuhan, stroke	hemiplegia half
-phobia	Ketakutan	acrophobia heights
-ptosis	jatuh, falling dropping	blepharoptosis eyelid
-rrhage	burst forth	haemorrhage blood
-rrhea	discharge, flow of watery stools	diarrhea
-rrhexis	Pecah	enterorrhexis intestines
-sclerosis	Pengerasan	artheriosclerosis joints
-spasm	Kontraksi tidak sadar, twitching	bronchospasm bronchus

2. Suffix untuk diagnosis

Suffix	Arti	Contoh
-gram	rekaman data	encephalogram brain
-graph	Alat untuk merekam data	cardiograph heart
-graphy	Tindakan merekam data	radiography
-meter	Alat untuk mengukur	craniometer cranium
-metry	Pengukuran sesuatu	audiometry audio (hearing)
-scope	Alat untuk melihat	laryngoscope larynx
-scopy	Pemeriksaan terhadap	laparoscopy abdomen

3. Bedah dan incisi

Suffix berikut ini mendeskripsikan berbagai jenis incisi/irisan bedah:

Suffix	Arti	Contoh
-ectomy	Membuang	mastectomy breast
-centesis	tap, tusukan	thoracentesis chest
-stomy	Mulut, membuat lubang	colostomy colon
-tomy	Incisi, memotong	tracheotomy trachea

Suffix berikut ini mendeskripsikan tindakan bedah: memperbaiki, membentuk, rekonstruksi dan mengikat.

Suffix	Arti	Contoh
-desis	mengikat , stabilisasi	pleurodesis pleural membrane (lining of the lung)
-rrhapy	jahitan	arteriorrhaphy artery
-pexy	fiksasi, suspensi	gastropexy stomach
-plasty	pembentukan, (bedah plastik)	rhinoplasty nose
-clasis	memecah, refracture	osteoclasis bone
-lysis	longgar, membebaskan dari adhesi, destruksi	enterolysis small intestine
-tripsy	Memecahkan	cholelithotripsy gallstone

4. Keterangan medis lainnya
1. Suffix yang membentuk kata sifat (adjectives)

Suffix	Contoh
-ac	Cardiac heart
-al	skeletal skeleton
-ary	salivary saliva
-ic	pelvic pelvis
-ical	surgical surgery
-ous	venous vein
-tic	paralytic paralysis
-ar	muscular muscles

2. Suffix yang membentuk kata benda (Noun).

Suffix	Arti	Contoh
-iac	Menunjukkan orang yang menderita suatu penyakit atau kondisi tertentu	Hemophiliac
-ia	Keadaan tidak sehat	Anesthesia
-is	Membentuk kata benda dari akar kata	cutis skin
-ism	Keadaan, state of being	alcoholism alcohol
-ist	Dokter specialis	radiologist radiology
-y	kondisi, proses	neuropathy nervous system disease

3. Suffix yang menunjukkan istilah “lebih kecil” dari suatu benda (diminutive suffix).

Diminutive Suffix	Contoh
culus. icle	venter vasa vesica part	ventriculus, ventricle vasculus vesiculus, vesicle particle
ole, olus, ule	arteria alveus vein	Arteriole Alveolus Veinule
ulus	Calcis globus	Calculus Globulus, globule
Illa	fibril	Fibrilla
Ellum	cerebrum	Cerebellum

4. Suffix berikut ini menunjukkan kata benda singular atau plural.

Singular	Plural	Contoh Singular	Contoh Plural
a	ae	patella	patellae
ax	aces	thorax	throraces
en	ina	lumen	Lumina
ix,ex	ices	index	Indices
sis	ses	diagnosis	diagnoses
on	A	ganglion	Ganglia
um	A	ovum	Ova
us	I	digitus	Digiti
y	ies	deformity	deformities
ma	mata	carcinoma	carcinomata

Source : Perkulihan FK UMY